Gun Laws Are Changing Fast Across America – See What States Now Have Rights vs Restrictions

Gun laws across America are shifting quickly, leaving many gun owners unsure of what’s legal in their state. Some states have embraced constitutional carry and strong self-defense protections, while others continue to add restrictions and licensing hurdles.

To help make sense of it all, we’ve summarized and organized key firearm laws for every state, using reliable information compiled by the U.S. Concealed Carry Association (USCCA).

From open carry rules and permit requirements to self-defense and reciprocity laws, this guide breaks down where your rights stand — and where they’re being restricted. Whether you’re a seasoned gun owner or just getting started, staying informed is essential in today’s fast-changing legal environment.

Alabama

Alabama Gun Laws Summary

Alabama is considered a very gun-friendly state. The laws strongly support the right to carry and own firearms, with few restrictions compared to many other states.

• Alabama follows a shall-issue policy for concealed carry permits, handled by each county’s sheriff.
• Sheriffs can deny a permit if the applicant is barred from firearm possession by state or federal law, or if there’s a reasonable belief the person may use the weapon unlawfully or dangerously.
• Buying a handgun from a private seller requires no permit, background check, or registration.
• Open carry is allowed without a permit for those 19 or older who can legally own a firearm.
• Certain places, like schools and courthouses, do not allow open carry.
• A constitutional carry law (HB 272) took effect on January 1, 2023, allowing anyone 19 or older and legally allowed to own a firearm to carry concealed without a permit.
• Minors cannot possess firearms unless under supervision for activities such as hunting, competition, or target practice.
• Concealed carry remains legal with an Alabama Pistol Permit for residents and with valid permits from states recognized by Alabama.
• No safety training is required to get a pistol permit.
• Applicants must be at least 19 years old, though sheriffs may issue permits to active-duty military members and their spouses aged 18 or older.
• Active-duty veterans who qualify can get or renew their permits at no cost.
• Alabama honors concealed carry permits from every other state.

Civil and Criminal Immunity

• Anyone who lawfully uses force, including deadly force, is protected from criminal charges or civil lawsuits unless the force is found to be unlawful.

Self-Defense

• Alabama recognizes the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat if you are in a place you have a right to be and are not committing a crime.

Defense of Property

• Physical force (but not deadly force) may be used to stop theft or damage to property other than premises.
• Deadly force is allowed only to prevent arson in the first or second degree.

Defense of Self or Others

• Reasonable physical force is justified to protect oneself or another from unlawful physical harm.
• Deadly force may be used when:
  • Someone believes another person is about to use deadly force.
  • A burglar threatens to use force during a break-in.
  • Someone tries to unlawfully enter or take over a home, business, or occupied vehicle.
  • Preventing crimes like rape, kidnapping, robbery, assault, or sexual crimes involving a child under 12.
  • Stopping a serious crime occurring at a closed business property.

Alaska

Alaska Gun Laws Summary

Alaska is one of the most gun-friendly states in the U.S. The laws are straightforward, giving law-abiding citizens broad rights to own, carry, and use firearms with minimal restrictions.

• Alaska follows a shall-issue and permitless carry policy.
• No firearm registration is required, and no permit or background check is needed for private handgun sales.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Certain locations are off-limits, including K–12 schools and businesses serving alcohol for on-site consumption.
• Concealed carry is allowed for anyone 21 or older who can legally possess a firearm, and no permit is needed for in-state carry.
• Residents may apply for a concealed handgun permit to skip background checks on future purchases or to carry in states with reciprocity agreements.
• Concealed handgun permits are issued by the Alaska State Police and require a state-approved firearms training course.
• Alaska does not issue concealed carry permits to non-residents.
• Anyone 21 or older who can legally possess a firearm may carry concealed without a license under the state’s permitless carry law.

Use of Force in Defense of a Third Person

• A person may use force to protect someone else if they reasonably believe it is necessary and if the third person would be legally justified in using that same force for self-defense.

Use of Deadly Force in Defense of Self

• Deadly force may be used if a person reasonably believes it is necessary to defend against:
  • Death
  • Serious physical injury
  • Kidnapping
  • Sexual assault
  • Sexual abuse of a minor
  • Robbery
• There is generally a duty to retreat if it can be done safely, except when defending a child or household member, or when on property the person owns, leases, resides in, works at, or is a guest on.

Use of Force in Defense of Property and Premises

• Non-deadly force may be used to stop theft, damage, or trespassing.
• Deadly force may be used to stop arson or burglary in an occupied dwelling or building.
• Deadly force is also allowed to stop a carjacking or theft of a vehicle occupied by another person.

Use of Non-Deadly Force in Defense of Self

• Non-deadly force is justified if a person reasonably believes it necessary for self-defense, except when:
  • Engaging in mutual combat not authorized by law
  • Provoking the other person’s conduct
  • Being the initial aggressor
  • Committing a felony or seeking revenge while armed

Immunity

• Anyone who lawfully uses a firearm in self-defense is immune from both criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits.

Self-Defense Law

• Alaska follows the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat in one’s home, workplace, leased property, or when protecting a child or household member.

Arizona

Arizona Gun Laws Summary

Arizona is one of the most gun-friendly states in the nation. The laws give responsible gun owners broad freedom to carry and use firearms with limited government restrictions.

• Arizona follows a shall-issue and permitless carry system, with concealed weapon permits handled by the Department of Public Safety.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required when buying a handgun from a private seller.
• Buyers must be at least 18 years old to purchase from a private individual and 21 to buy from a federally licensed dealer.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Some locations are restricted, including schools and liquor stores with posted “no weapons” signs.
• Concealed carry is legal without a permit for anyone 21 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• Arizona Concealed Weapons Permits (CWP) are available to residents and non-residents aged 21 or older, or 19 for active-duty military and veterans.
• CWPs require a state-approved training course, though law enforcement and military members may qualify for training exemptions.
• Arizona’s permitless carry allows any eligible person 21 or older to carry concealed without needing a permit.

Use of Force in Crime Prevention

• A person may use or threaten physical or deadly force when reasonably believing it is needed to stop violent felonies such as murder or sexual assault.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Property

• Physical force is justified if a reasonable person believes it is necessary to stop theft or criminal damage involving movable property.
• Deadly force may only be used to defend oneself or another person.

Use of Force

• Physical force is justified when a reasonable person would believe it immediately necessary to defend themselves or others against unlawful physical force.

Use of Deadly Force

• Deadly force may be used when a reasonable person believes it is immediately necessary to protect themselves or others from unlawful deadly physical force.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Premises

• A person in lawful control of property may use or threaten physical force when reasonably believing it is necessary to prevent or stop a criminal trespass.
• Deadly force may only be used to protect oneself or another person.
• Premises refers to any real property or structure, whether temporary or permanent, adapted for human lodging or residence.

Civil Immunity

• Individuals acting in lawful self-defense cannot be held civilly liable for their actions.

Self-Defense Law

• Arizona recognizes the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat if you are in a lawful location and not engaged in illegal activity.

Arkansas

Arkansas Gun Laws Summary

Arkansas is a gun-friendly state that supports both open and concealed carry without requiring a permit. The laws are designed to give responsible gun owners broad rights to carry and defend themselves.

• Arkansas follows a shall-issue and permitless carry system, with concealed carry licenses issued by the Department of Public Safety.
• No license, background check, or firearm registration is needed when buying a handgun from a private seller.
• Open carry is legal without a license for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• The Arkansas Appeals Court confirmed in 2018 that simply carrying a handgun is not a crime unless there is intent to use it unlawfully.
• Some locations, including schools and bars, prohibit carrying firearms.
• Concealed carry is legal without a license for anyone over 18 who can legally possess a firearm and is traveling outside their property.
• Concealed Handgun Carry Licenses (CHCL) are available for residents 21 or older, or 18 and older for active military or National Guard members.
• The Enhanced Concealed Handgun Carry License (E-CHCL) allows carrying in certain restricted areas such as churches, public colleges, and non-secure airport zones.
• The E-CHCL requires about 8 additional hours of classroom and range training.
• While Arkansas does not issue non-resident permits, active-duty military members and their spouses may apply for an Arkansas CHCL.
• Anyone legally allowed to own a firearm may carry concealed without a license under the state’s permitless carry law.

Use of Physical Force

• Physical force is allowed when a person reasonably believes it necessary to protect themselves or others from unlawful physical force.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Property

• Non-deadly force may be used to prevent or stop theft, vandalism, or flight after such acts.

Defense of Premises

• A person lawfully controlling property or a vehicle may use non-deadly force to stop or prevent trespassing.
• Deadly force is justified if needed to stop arson or burglary by a trespasser.

Use of Deadly Physical Force in Defense of a Person

• Deadly force may be used when a person reasonably believes another is:
  • Committing or about to commit a violent felony;
  • Using or about to use deadly force; or
  • Engaged in a pattern of domestic abuse.
• There is no duty to retreat if the person:
  • Is lawfully present;
  • Reasonably believes there is an imminent threat of death or serious harm;
  • Did not provoke or start the conflict; and
  • Is not engaged in criminal activity.

Self-Defense Law

• Arkansas recognizes the Castle Doctrine, affirming the right to defend one’s home and property against unlawful entry.
• As of March 3, 2021, the state has a Stand Your Ground law, removing the duty to retreat when defending oneself in a lawful location.

California

California Gun Laws Summary

California is one of the most restrictive states when it comes to gun ownership. The state enforces extensive background checks, registration requirements, and limits on where and how firearms can be carried.

• California is now a shall-issue state following the Supreme Court’s 2022 Bruen decision, with licenses issued by county sheriffs or local police departments.
• Anyone moving to California with a firearm, or any resident who has not previously reported ownership, must report it to the Department of Justice (DOJ) or transfer the firearm through a licensed dealer or law enforcement.
• All firearm sales and transfers must go through a licensed dealer.
• Purchasing a handgun requires a permit, a background check, and a report to the DOJ.
• Selling, loaning, or transferring a firearm to minors is prohibited, and no one under 21 may buy a handgun.
• All ammunition purchases require a $5 DOJ eligibility check at the point of sale.
• Open carry of loaded or unloaded firearms is generally banned.
• In counties with populations under 200,000, a sheriff or city police chief may issue licenses for open carry of loaded handguns, but these are valid only within that county.
• Concealed carry is legal only with a California Concealed Carry Weapons License (CCW).
• Applicants must be at least 18 years old, though local authorities may set higher age limits.
• A CCW license may include specific restrictions on where and when the firearm can be carried.
• Concealed carry is prohibited in sensitive locations such as schools, courthouses, and bars.
• Since 2019, applicants must complete an eight-hour firearms training course covering California laws, gun safety, and live-fire exercises.
• California issues CCWs to residents, people who work in the state, and active-duty military stationed there.
• The state does not recognize concealed carry permits from any other state.
• A U.S. citizen or legal resident 18 or older may carry a handgun within their home, business, or private property without a license.
• California continues to enforce a ban on large-capacity magazines, though related court rulings are still under review.

Self-Defense Law

• California follows the Castle Doctrine, meaning a person has no duty to retreat when defending their home against unlawful entry.
• The law presumes reasonable fear of death or serious injury if deadly force is used against an intruder who unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence.
• While there is no formal Stand Your Ground statute, case law and jury instructions (CALCRIM #505 and #506) support a person’s right to defend themselves in public without retreating if they are lawfully present.

Colorado

Colorado Gun Laws Summary

Colorado generally supports gun ownership rights while maintaining several regulations for purchase and carry. The state allows both open and concealed carry under defined conditions, with local control playing an important role.

• Colorado is a shall-issue state, with concealed carry permits handled by county sheriffs.
• No permit or firearm registration is needed to buy a handgun.
• Private firearm sales must go through a licensed dealer for a background check, with approval required from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm, except in Denver County and other posted areas.
• Local governments may restrict open carry within their jurisdictions if signs are clearly posted.
• Concealed carry is allowed for residents who hold a Colorado Concealed Weapon Permit (CCW) and for non-residents with permits from states recognized by Colorado.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old and complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• Colorado does not issue CCW permits to non-residents, except for military personnel stationed in the state and their immediate families.
• The state only honors resident permits from states with formal reciprocity agreements.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of a Person

• A person may use reasonable force to defend themselves or others from unlawful physical harm when they believe it is necessary.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Property

• Reasonable force is allowed to stop theft, vandalism, or tampering with property.
• Deadly force can only be used when protecting oneself or another person.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Premises

• A person in lawful possession or control of property may use reasonable force to prevent or stop trespassing.
• Deadly force may be used only for self-defense or to prevent first-degree arson by a trespasser.

Use of Deadly Physical Force Against an Intruder

• A person inside their home (dwelling) may use deadly force if they reasonably believe someone:
  • Has unlawfully entered and is committing a crime in addition to the entry;
  • Intends to commit a crime against people or property inside; or
  • Might use any physical force, even slight, against anyone inside.

Civil and Criminal Immunity

• Anyone lawfully using justified force, including deadly force, while defending themselves or their home is protected from criminal charges and civil lawsuits.

Self-Defense Law

• Colorado follows the Castle Doctrine, recognizing the right to safety within one’s own home without a duty to retreat.
• The state does not have a formal Stand Your Ground law, but court rulings confirm that non-aggressors may defend themselves without retreating if acting lawfully.

Connecticut

Connecticut Gun Laws Summary

Connecticut has some of the strictest gun laws in the country. The state gives local law enforcement broad discretion in deciding who is suitable to carry a handgun, and all firearm purchases and carry permits involve multiple steps and background checks.

• Connecticut is a may-issue state, meaning law enforcement can approve or deny handgun permits based on a “suitability” standard.
• The permit process has two steps: applicants must first get a temporary permit from local authorities, then apply to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP) for a state permit.
• To buy a handgun, buyers must have either a Connecticut Pistol Permit (CTPP), a Certificate of Eligibility for Pistols and Revolvers, or a Certificate of Eligibility for Long Guns or Ammunition.
• All firearm sales, including private transfers, must go through a licensed dealer with a background check.
• Concealed carry is allowed with a valid CTPP.
• The minimum age to carry is 21.
• Open carry became illegal as of October 1, 2023.
• Non-residents with valid CCW licenses from their home states may apply for a Connecticut pistol permit.
• Firearms are banned in certain areas, including schools and state parks.
• CTPP applicants must complete a state-approved training course that includes live-fire exercises.
• Connecticut does not recognize carry permits from other states.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of a Person

• A person may use reasonable force to protect themselves or others from physical harm if they believe it is necessary.
• Deadly force may be used only when there is a reasonable belief that another person is using or about to use deadly force or causing great bodily harm.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Premises

• A person lawfully in control of a property may use reasonable force to prevent or stop a trespass.
• Deadly force may be used only:
  • To protect oneself or another person;
  • To prevent arson or another violent crime; or
  • To stop a forced and unlawful entry into a home or workplace.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Property

• Reasonable force is allowed to stop theft or property damage.
• Deadly force is not permitted unless it is used in defense of a person.

Self-Defense Law

• Connecticut recognizes the Castle Doctrine, allowing the use of force to defend one’s home.
• There is no duty to retreat when inside one’s home, but outside the home, a person must retreat if safely possible before using deadly force.

Delaware

Delaware Gun Laws Summary

Delaware has moderately strict gun laws and gives local authorities discretion in issuing concealed carry licenses. The state requires several steps and conditions for carrying concealed, though open carry remains legal for most adults.

• Delaware is a may-issue state, with concealed deadly weapon licenses (CDWL) handled by county-level prothonotary offices.
• The Attorney General can issue temporary concealed carry permits to non-residents who need a firearm for short-term employment-related protection.
• No license or firearm registration is currently required to buy a gun, but a new law signed on May 16, 2024, will require a permit to purchase starting around November 2025.
• Private firearm sales between non-family members must go through a licensed dealer for a background check and record of sale.
• Transfers to individuals with valid Delaware CDWLs are exempt from this requirement.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 21 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Certain places, such as schools and detention centers, prohibit open carry.
• Concealed carry is allowed for residents with a CDWL and for non-residents holding a permit from a state that Delaware recognizes.
• Applicants must complete a state-approved training course with live-fire exercises.
• Applicants must provide five references from residents of their county and publish a notice of intent to apply in a local newspaper at least 10 days before filing.
• Applications are reviewed by both the Attorney General’s office and the court.
• Reciprocity applies only to states that recognize Delaware’s CDWLs and provide similar standards of protection.

Use of Force in Self-Protection

• Force may be used when a person reasonably believes it is immediately necessary to defend against unlawful force, death, serious injury, kidnapping, or sexual assault.

Use of Force for the Protection of Other Persons

• A person may use force to protect another when:
  • They would be justified in using the same force for self-defense;
  • The person being protected would also be justified in using such force; and
  • The person believes their intervention is necessary.
• There is no duty to retreat unless it can be done safely within the other person’s home or workplace.

Use of Force for the Protection of Property

• Force may be used to protect property if a person believes it is immediately necessary to stop:
  • Criminal trespass or burglary;
  • Illegal entry onto property; or
  • Theft, vandalism, or taking of personal property.
• Deadly force is justified only when a person believes that:
  • Someone is trying to take their dwelling; or
  • The intruder is committing arson, burglary, robbery, or another violent felony and:
    • Has used or threatened deadly force, or
    • Using lesser force would likely result in serious injury.

Self-Defense Law

• Delaware recognizes the Castle Doctrine, allowing people to defend themselves at home or at work without retreating.
• A duty to retreat exists when a person is outside their home or workplace.

Civil Liability

• Anyone who lawfully uses force to protect property and is not convicted of a related crime cannot be held civilly liable for damages.

Florida

Florida Gun Laws Summary

Florida is one of the more gun-friendly states in the U.S., with laws that protect the rights of lawful gun owners to carry firearms. The state supports both permitless and licensed concealed carry, though open carry remains mostly prohibited.

• Florida is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed weapons licenses (CWL) issued by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS).
• No license, background check, or firearm registration is required for private handgun purchases.
• Buyers must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm.
• Some counties have waiting periods for certain gun purchases from unlicensed sellers, though CWL holders are exempt.
• Open carry is generally illegal, except during activities such as fishing, hunting, camping, or target shooting.
• On September 10, 2025, the Florida First District Court of Appeal in McDaniels v. State struck down Florida Statute § 790.053 — the long-standing ban on open carry. The Attorney General issued guidance shortly after declaring open carry “law of the state.”
• Concealed carry is allowed for residents with a CWL and non-residents with a valid permit from a reciprocal state.
• Permitless concealed carry is legal for anyone 21 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• A CWL allows holders to carry additional weapons, such as tasers, tear gas guns, billie clubs, and certain knives.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old and complete a firearms training course unless they are active-duty military or honorably discharged veterans.
• CWLs are available to both residents and non-residents.
• Florida only honors resident permits from states with formal reciprocity agreements.

Use of Force

• A person may use or threaten force (not deadly force) if they reasonably believe it necessary to protect themselves or another person from unlawful force.
• There is no duty to retreat before using or threatening such force.

Use of Deadly Force

• Deadly force is justified when a person reasonably believes it necessary to prevent:
  • Imminent death or serious injury to themselves or another person, or
  • The imminent commission of a forcible felony.
• There is no duty to retreat when lawfully present and not engaged in criminal activity.
• Deadly force is also justified when resisting murder, a felony attack, or a violent intrusion into a home or vehicle.
• The law presumes a person has a reasonable fear of harm when an intruder unlawfully enters or attempts to enter their home or vehicle by force.

Self-Defense Law

• Florida enforces both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• Individuals have no duty to retreat anywhere they are lawfully present and may meet force with force, including deadly force, to prevent death or great bodily harm.

Georgia

Georgia Gun Laws Summary

Georgia is a gun-friendly state that protects the rights of lawful gun owners through permitless and licensed carry laws. The state recognizes permits from all other states and enforces both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground protections.

• Georgia is a shall-issue state, with concealed weapons licenses (WCL) handled at the county level through the probate court.
• No license, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private individual.
• Open carry is legal only with a valid WCL or a permit from a state that Georgia recognizes.
• Certain locations, such as schools and courthouses, prohibit carrying firearms.
• The constitutional carry law, signed on April 12, 2022, allows eligible individuals to carry a concealed firearm without a permit.
• Concealed carry is legal for Georgia residents with a WCL, lawful weapons carriers, and non-residents with a valid out-of-state license.
• No training course is required to obtain a Georgia WCL.
• The minimum age to get a WCL is 21, or 18 for active-duty military members.
• No license is required to carry a handgun in one’s home, vehicle, business, or while hunting, fishing, or carrying an unloaded firearm in a case.
• The city of Kennesaw has a 1982 ordinance requiring every head of household to maintain a firearm, though it is not enforced.
• Under HB 218, Georgia recognizes firearms licenses from all other states.
• Licenses that expired during the COVID-19 emergency must be renewed within 120 days of the expiration date.

Defense of Property Other Than Habitation

• Force may be used when a person reasonably believes it is necessary to stop or prevent trespassing or interference with property.
• Deadly force is allowed only if needed to prevent a forcible felony.
• Habitation includes any dwelling, vehicle, or place of business.
• Personal property refers to property other than a vehicle.

Defense of Habitation

• A person may use force to stop or prevent unlawful entry or attack on their home.
• Deadly force is justified if:
  • The entry is made violently to harm someone inside;
  • The intruder is not a family or household member and entered unlawfully; or
  • The entry was intended to commit a felony.

Self-Defense Law

• Georgia enforces both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• There is no duty to retreat when defending against a forcible felony such as armed robbery, rape, or kidnapping.

Hawaii

Hawaii Gun Laws Summary

Hawaii has some of the strictest firearm regulations in the United States, though it is now officially a shall-issue state following the 2022 Supreme Court ruling. The state enforces mandatory registration, waiting periods, and tight restrictions on where and how firearms may be carried.

• Hawaii is a shall-issue state, with firearm permits issued at the county level by the Chief of Police.
• Unconcealed carry licenses are rarely granted and only in exceptional cases where an applicant shows a clear need for personal protection.
• Purchasing a handgun requires a permit, a background check, and registration with local law enforcement.
• There is a mandatory 14-day waiting period for handgun purchase permits.
• All firearms and ammunition must be registered with the county police department where the owner lives, works, or temporarily resides.
• Firearms may only be possessed at the owner’s home, business, or temporary lodging, though they can be transported in an enclosed container between approved locations such as ranges, dealers, or repair shops.
• Non-residents may bring firearms into Hawaii only for hunting, target shooting, or similar activities with proper documentation.
• All firearms brought into the state must be registered within 72 hours at a police station, including fingerprinting and photographs.
• Hawaii allows both open and concealed carry with a valid state license to carry.
• Carrying a loaded firearm in public or in a vehicle without a license is a class B felony.
• Concealed carry licenses require completion of a state-approved firearms training course.
• Hawaii does not issue non-resident carry licenses and does not recognize permits from other states.

Use of Force for the Protection of Property

• Force may be used when a person believes it is necessary to prevent unlawful entry, trespass, burglary, theft, or property damage.
• Before using force, a person should request the offender to stop unless doing so would be dangerous, useless, or would cause significant harm before the request could be made.
• Deadly force is justified only if:
  • Someone is attempting to unlawfully take possession of the actor’s dwelling; or
  • The person is committing a serious felony such as robbery, arson, or burglary, and:
    • Has used or threatened deadly force, or
    • Using lesser force would likely cause serious injury to the actor or another person.

Use of Force for the Protection of Other Persons

• Force may be used to protect another person when:
  • The individual being protected would have been justified in using that same level of force; and
  • The actor believes intervention is necessary.
• The same rules about retreating or surrendering property apply as in self-defense situations.

Use of Force in Self-Protection

• A person may use the force they reasonably believe necessary to protect themselves, without the obligation to retreat or give up lawful possession.
• Deadly force is not justified if the person knows they can safely retreat or surrender the property, except:
  • There is no duty to retreat inside one’s home or workplace unless the person was the aggressor.

Self-Defense Law

• Hawaii recognizes the Castle Doctrine.
• There is no duty to retreat when defending oneself at home or at one’s workplace.
• Outside these areas, a person must retreat if it can be done safely.

Idaho

Idaho Gun Laws Summary

Idaho is known for being one of the most gun-friendly states in the country. The laws strongly support the right of citizens to own, carry, and use firearms with minimal government restriction.

• Idaho is a shall-issue state, with concealed weapon licenses (CWL) issued by county sheriffs.
• No license, background check, waiting period, or firearm registration is required to buy a gun from a private seller.
• Background checks are required only when buying from a federally licensed dealer, though CWL holders are exempt.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Certain places, such as schools and courthouses, are off-limits for open carry.
• Permitless concealed carry became legal in March 2020 for any U.S. citizen 18 or older who can legally own a gun.
• Idaho offers two types of CWLs: the standard and the Enhanced CWL.
• The Enhanced CWL, available to those 21 and older, provides reciprocity with more states and requires additional training.
• A CWL covers all deadly weapons, including pistols, revolvers, daggers, and certain knives.
• Applicants can qualify for a CWL through a state-approved training course, military experience, or organized shooting competition experience.
• Both residents and non-residents are eligible to apply for Idaho CWLs.
• Reciprocity varies by state, with some recognizing only the Enhanced CWL.

Defense of Self and Others

• A person cannot be prosecuted for protecting themselves or others when using reasonable force.
• Deadly force is allowed to prevent or stop crimes such as aggravated assault, robbery, rape, or murder.
• A person does not need to wait to confirm whether a threat is real before acting in self-defense if a reasonable person would perceive danger.

Defense of Place

• Force, including deadly force, is justified when defending a home, place of business, or occupied vehicle against unlawful or forceful entry.
• The law presumes that a person using such force had a reasonable fear of death or serious injury when the intruder attempted violent or stealthy entry or aimed to commit a felony.

Self-Defense Law

• Idaho recognizes both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• Law-abiding citizens have the right to defend themselves or others anywhere they are legally allowed to be, without a duty to retreat.

Liability

• Individuals are not liable when using reasonable means to defend themselves, their family, or others in imminent danger.

Definitions

• Habitation: Any dwelling or structure (including tents or vehicles) designed for people to live in, either temporarily or permanently, including its immediate surroundings.
• Place of business or employment: Any commercial property owned, controlled, or protected by the person or their employee.
• Vehicle: Any self-propelled motorized vehicle used for transportation on public roads.

Illinois

Illinois Gun Laws Summary

Illinois has some of the most restrictive gun laws in the Midwest. While it is technically a shall-issue state, authorities still retain broad discretion to deny concealed carry permits if they deem an applicant a public safety risk.

• Illinois is a shall-issue state for concealed carry, but law enforcement can object if they believe an applicant poses a danger.
• If an objection is filed, the Concealed Carry Licensing Review Board reviews the case and issues a final decision, which can be appealed.
• Open carry of handguns, whether on foot or in a vehicle, is prohibited.
• A Concealed Carry License (CCL) is required to legally carry a concealed firearm in public.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old.
• A CCL allows carrying a loaded or unloaded handgun that is fully or mostly hidden from public view, including inside a vehicle.
• A 16-hour firearms training course taught by a state-approved instructor is required for new applicants.
• Non-resident CCLs are only available to residents of Arkansas, Idaho, Mississippi, Nevada, Texas, and Virginia.
• Illinois does not recognize concealed carry permits from any other state.
• All firearm owners must possess a Firearm Owner’s Identification (FOID) card to own or buy firearms or ammunition.
• FOID holders without a CCL may transport unloaded guns in a closed case.
• Applicants must be 21 or older, or have a parent or guardian sponsor who is eligible for a FOID card.
• During the COVID-19 emergency, expired FOID cards and CCLs remain valid for 18 months after the state’s disaster order ends, provided renewal applications were filed and no disqualifying offenses occurred.
• CCL holders were temporarily exempt from submitting proof of required three-hour renewal training but must provide it within 18 months after the emergency declaration ends.

Use of Force in Defense of Person

• A person may use force if they reasonably believe it is necessary to protect themselves or another from imminent unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified to prevent imminent death, great bodily harm, or the commission of a forcible felony.

Use of Force in Defense of Dwelling

• Force may be used to stop or prevent unlawful entry or attack on a dwelling.
• Deadly force is justified if:
  • The entry is violent or riotous and threatens harm to anyone inside, or
  • The defender reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent a felony inside the dwelling.

Use of Force in Defense of Other Property

• Reasonable force may be used to stop trespass or criminal interference with property.
• Deadly force is justified only to prevent a forcible felony.

Self-Defense Law

• Illinois recognizes the Castle Doctrine, allowing individuals to defend themselves at home without a duty to retreat.
• Deadly force is lawful when reasonably believed necessary to prevent death, serious injury, or a violent felony.

Liability

• Acts involving justified use of force do not result in civil liability unless the conduct involves willful or reckless behavior.

Indiana

Indiana Gun Laws Summary

Indiana is a highly gun-friendly state with simple rules for owning and carrying firearms. Residents can legally carry without a permit, and the state upholds strong self-defense protections under Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• Indiana is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with handgun licenses issued by the Indiana State Police.
• No license is required to purchase a firearm, and there is no firearm registration system.
• Residents 18 or older and residents of bordering states may purchase long guns.
• To buy a handgun, a person must be at least 21 and an Indiana resident.
• Open carry and concealed carry are both legal without a permit.
• As of July 1, 2022, anyone 18 or older who is legally allowed to own a handgun may carry it openly or concealed without a license.

Defense of Self or Others

• Reasonable force may be used to protect oneself or another person from unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when a person believes it necessary to prevent serious injury, death, or a forcible felony.
• Individuals are legally protected from prosecution when using reasonable means to defend themselves or others.

Defense of Property

• Force may be used to stop or prevent trespassing or criminal interference with property.
• Deadly force is only justified if it meets the same conditions as self-defense or defense of another person.

Defense of Place

• Reasonable force, including deadly force, may be used to stop unlawful entry or attack on a home, the area around it (curtilage), or an occupied vehicle.
• There is no duty to retreat when defending these locations.

Self-Defense Law

• Indiana recognizes both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat when deadly force is necessary to prevent serious bodily harm or a forcible felony.

Immunity

• Individuals acting in lawful defense of themselves or others cannot face legal jeopardy for using reasonable force.

Iowa

Iowa Gun Laws Summary

Iowa is a gun-friendly state that allows permitless carry and recognizes the right of citizens to defend themselves under both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws. Residents can carry openly or concealed without a permit, though permits remain available for those who want reciprocity in other states.

• Iowa is a shall-issue and permitless carry state.
• The state issues two types of carry permits:
  • Professional permits: for individuals 18 or older whose employment justifies carrying a firearm.
  • Non-professional permits: for individuals 18 or older who meet state requirements, including firearms training.
• As of July 1, 2021, those purchasing a handgun from a licensed dealer must have either:
  • A valid permit to acquire,
  • A valid permit to carry weapons, or
  • Pass a national instant background check.
• No waiting period or firearm registration is required.
• Open and concealed carry are both legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Permits to Carry Weapons (PCW) are still issued for reciprocity purposes.
• The state prohibits open carry inside the Iowa Capitol building, surrounding grounds, and nearby state facilities.
• Firearms training is required for concealed carry permits.
• Iowa recognizes concealed carry permits from all other states and jurisdictions.

Defense of Self or Another

• A person may use reasonable force if they believe it is necessary to defend themselves or another from actual or imminent unlawful force.
• Deadly force is allowed when a person reasonably believes a forcible felony is occurring or about to occur.

Use of Deadly Force

• Deadly force is presumed necessary if someone:
  • Unlawfully enters or attempts to enter a home, business, or occupied vehicle by force or stealth, or
  • Tries to unlawfully remove another person from these locations against their will.

Defense of Property

• Reasonable force may be used to stop or prevent criminal interference with property.
• A person may also help defend another person’s property or public property from criminal acts.

Self-Defense Law

• Iowa upholds both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• A person lawfully present in any location has no duty to retreat before using justified force.

Civil Immunity

• Individuals who lawfully use reasonable or deadly force in defense of themselves, others, or property are protected from both criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits.

Kansas

Kansas Gun Laws Summary

Kansas is a gun-friendly state that supports both open and concealed carry without a permit. The laws emphasize self-defense rights under Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground protections.

• Kansas is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with Carry Handgun Licenses (CCHLs) issued by the Kansas Attorney General’s Office.
• No license, registration, or background check is required to purchase a handgun from a private seller.
• Background checks are required when buying from a federally licensed dealer, unless the buyer holds a Kansas concealed carry license.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• Concealed carry is legal without a license for anyone 21 or older who is not prohibited from owning a gun.
• CCHLs are available only to Kansas residents and active-duty military stationed in the state.
• A provisional CCHL may be issued at age 18, while a standard CCHL requires the applicant to be 21.
• Applicants must complete an 8-hour handgun safety and training course approved by the attorney general.
• Since July 1, 2021, Kansas recognizes all valid concealed carry licenses and permits issued by other states.
• Individuals under 21 may carry a concealed firearm only on their own property, home, or business, with limited exceptions for training, target practice, or hunting.

Defense of Person

• A person may use force if they reasonably believe it is necessary to protect themselves or others from imminent unlawful force.
• Deadly force is allowed to prevent imminent death or serious bodily injury to oneself or another person.

Defense of Dwelling, Place of Work, or Occupied Vehicle

• Force may be used to stop or prevent unlawful entry or attack on a dwelling, workplace, or occupied vehicle.
• Deadly force is justified when a person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm.

Defense of Property Other Than Dwelling, Place of Work, or Vehicle

• Reasonable force may be used to prevent or stop unlawful interference with personal property.
• Deadly force is not justified unless it meets the same standards as self-defense.

Self-Defense Law

• Kansas enforces both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• There is no duty to retreat from any place where a person has a lawful right to be.

Kentucky

Kentucky Gun Laws Summary

Kentucky is a gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry without a permit. The state’s laws strongly protect the right of citizens to defend themselves and their property under Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.

• Kentucky is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed carry licenses (CCDW) issued by the Kentucky State Police.
• No license, registration, or waiting period is required to purchase a firearm from a private seller.
• A background check is required only when buying a firearm from a federally licensed dealer.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Certain areas, such as bars or businesses that primarily sell alcohol, prohibit open carry.
• Concealed carry is legal without a license for anyone 21 or older who may lawfully possess a firearm.
• Residents who want to carry concealed weapons in other states must apply for a Concealed Carry of Deadly Weapons (CCDW) license.
• The CCDW license covers more than handguns—it also applies to knives, clubs, brass knuckles, blackjacks, nunchaku, and shuriken.
• Applicants must complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• CCDW licenses are available to Kentucky residents and military members stationed in the state but not to non-residents.
• Kentucky recognizes all valid concealed carry permits issued by other U.S. states and jurisdictions.

Use of Physical Force in Defense of Self or a Third Party

• A person may use force when they believe it is necessary to protect themselves or another from unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when the person believes it necessary to prevent imminent death, serious injury, kidnapping, sexual assault, or another violent felony.

Defense of Dwelling, Residence, or Occupied Vehicle

• A person is presumed to have a reasonable fear of death or serious harm when using deadly force to stop or prevent unlawful entry into, or an attempt to remove someone from, their home, residence, or vehicle.

Protection of Property

• Physical force may be used when necessary to stop criminal trespass, theft, burglary, robbery, or vandalism involving property in one’s possession or that of another they are protecting.
• Deadly force is allowed only when the person believes the offender is:
  • Trying to take possession of their dwelling unlawfully,
  • Committing or attempting a violent felony such as burglary or robbery, or
  • Committing or attempting arson of a home or building.

Self-Defense Law

• Kentucky upholds both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• There is no duty to retreat if attacked while lawfully present. A person may meet force with force, including deadly force, to prevent death, serious injury, or a violent felony.

Immunity

• Anyone who lawfully uses force in self-defense or defense of others is protected from both criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits, except when force is used against a peace officer acting lawfully.

Louisiana

Louisiana Gun Laws Summary

Louisiana is a gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry without a permit. The state provides strong protections for lawful gun owners under Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• Louisiana is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed handgun permits (CHPs) managed by the Department of Public Safety.
• No permit, registration, or background check is required to purchase a firearm from a private individual.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• Some locations, such as bars and parades, prohibit open carry.
• As of July 4, 2024, permitless concealed carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• CHPs remain available for residents and active-duty military stationed in Louisiana.
• Non-resident permits are not issued, though military members with a Louisiana driver’s license or state ID are exempt from this rule.
• CHP applicants must be at least 21 years old, reside in Louisiana, and complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• Louisiana honors concealed carry permits from states that also recognize Louisiana permits.

Use of Force in Defense

• Force is justified to prevent a forcible offense against a person or trespass against property in one’s lawful possession.
• The level of force used must be reasonable and necessary to stop the offense.
• Force or deadly force is also justified to prevent or stop unlawful entry into a home, business, or motor vehicle if the person believes it necessary to prevent entry or force the intruder to leave.

Defense of Others

• Deadly force may be used to protect another person if it appears that the person being attacked could lawfully use such force in self-defense, and it is reasonably believed that intervention is necessary.

Self-Defense Law

• Louisiana follows both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat in any place a person has a lawful right to be.
• A person may meet force with force, including deadly force, when necessary to prevent death, serious harm, or a forcible felony.

Maine

Maine Gun Laws Summary

Maine is a gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry without a permit. While residents can carry freely, the state also issues concealed handgun permits for reciprocity with other states.

• Maine is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed carry permits issued by the Department of Public Safety through the Maine State Police.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private seller.
• Open and concealed carry are both legal without a permit for anyone 21 or older, or 18 and older if they are active-duty or honorably discharged military.
• Permits to Carry Concealed Handguns (CCHs) are available to residents and non-residents 18 and older who complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• Certain locations, such as schools and courthouses, prohibit carrying firearms.
• Permitless carry allows anyone who meets the age and legal possession requirements to carry concealed without a license.
• Maine honors concealed carry permits from states that recognize Maine’s CCHs.
• Permit holders from reciprocal states may carry in specific restricted areas, including Acadia National Park, where permitless carriers cannot.

Physical Force in Defense of a Person

• A person may use reasonable non-deadly force to protect themselves or others from the imminent use of unlawful, non-deadly force.
• Deadly force may be used if a person reasonably believes it necessary to stop another from committing or attempting:
  • Unlawful deadly force,
  • Kidnapping,
  • Robbery, or
  • Sexual assault.
• Deadly force is not justified if the person provoked the attack, was the initial aggressor without withdrawing, or could retreat safely (except when inside their own dwelling).

Use of Force in Defense of Premises

• Reasonable non-deadly force may be used to stop or end a criminal trespass.
• Deadly force may be used if the person believes it necessary to:
  • Prevent arson,
  • Stop or prevent an intruder from committing a crime after unlawful entry into a dwelling, or
  • Protect themselves or others from harm inside the dwelling.
• A demand for the trespasser to leave must usually be made unless doing so would be unsafe.

Self-Defense Law

• Maine follows the Castle Doctrine, allowing residents to defend themselves inside their homes without a duty to retreat.
• Outside the home, there is a duty to retreat if it can be done safely.

Key Definitions

• Dwelling place: A structure adapted for overnight accommodation, excluding garages or storage-only buildings.
• Premises: Includes land, private ways, and any buildings or structures located on the property.

Maryland

Maryland Gun Laws Summary

Maryland has some of the strictest gun regulations in the nation, requiring multiple steps for handgun purchases and strict licensing standards for concealed carry. While now considered a shall-issue state, it continues to impose significant conditions on firearm ownership and self-defense use.

• Maryland is a shall-issue state, with Wear/Carry Handgun Permits (WCHP) issued by the Maryland State Police.
• A permit, background check, and firearm registration are required to buy a handgun from a private individual.
• Private handgun or assault weapon sales must go through a licensed dealer or law enforcement agency for background checks.
• The state maintains a handgun roster that lists the only approved models that can be sold.
• Concealed carry is legal only for WCHP holders.
• Open carry has been prohibited since October 1, 2023.
• Applicants must be 21 or older (18 for work-related purposes) to apply for a WCHP.
• A 16-hour firearms training course with live-fire instruction is required for new applicants, and 8 hours for each renewal.
• Permits are available to both residents and non-residents.
• Carrying firearms is banned in several areas, including rest areas and state parks.
• Maryland does not recognize concealed carry permits from other states.

Self-Defense Law

• Maryland follows common law principles, making it a Castle Doctrine state with a duty to retreat outside the home.
• Deadly force is allowed only when facing an immediate threat of death or serious injury.
• To claim self-defense, a person must:
  • Have reasonable grounds to believe they are in imminent danger,
  • Actually believe this danger exists,
  • Not be the aggressor, and
  • Use only reasonable and not excessive force.

Defense of Home or Business

• A person is not liable for injury or death of an intruder if:
  • They reasonably believe deadly force is necessary to repel an attack, and
  • The force used is reasonable under the circumstances.

Castle Doctrine and Duty to Retreat

• Maryland recognizes the right to defend one’s home or business without retreating.
• However, outside of these locations, there is a legal duty to retreat if it can be done safely before using deadly force.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts Gun Laws Summary

Massachusetts has some of the most restrictive firearm laws in the country, though it is now classified as a shall-issue state following the 2022 Supreme Court decision. The state requires licensing for firearm ownership and imposes strict purchase and carry requirements.

• Massachusetts is a shall-issue state, with Licenses to Carry (LTC) issued locally by police departments, or through the State Police Firearms Records Bureau for non-residents.
• A Firearm Identification (FID) card or LTC is required to buy a firearm.
• Private handgun sales require a background check, as sellers must verify the buyer’s FID card with the Department of Criminal Justice Information Services.
• A LTC is required to purchase ammunition.
• While firearm registration is not required, all sales and transfers must be reported to the state, which maintains detailed transaction records.
• The now-discontinued Class B license allowed open carry of non–large capacity firearms, but new Class B licenses are no longer issued.
• Concealed carry is legal for those with a valid LTC or a previously issued Class A LTC.
• The minimum age for a LTC is 21.
• Applicants must complete a state-approved firearms safety or training course.
• Certain areas, such as schools and airports, prohibit carrying firearms.
• Massachusetts does not recognize concealed carry permits from any other states.

Self-Defense Law

• Massachusetts recognizes the Castle Doctrine, allowing people to use reasonable force, including deadly force, to defend themselves or others within their home.
• There is no duty to retreat when inside one’s dwelling.
• Outside the home, there is a duty to retreat if it can be done safely before using deadly force.
• The law provides a defense for occupants who use reasonable force when they believe an intruder intends to cause death or serious injury.

Definition of Dwelling

• A dwelling is a permanent or temporary residence, but does not include tents, boats, motor homes, or shared spaces such as building hallways or lobbies.

Michigan

Michigan Gun Laws Summary

Michigan is a moderately gun-friendly state with shall-issue carry laws and clear self-defense protections. Residents must follow licensing and background check requirements, but the state recognizes the right to defend oneself without a duty to retreat.

• Michigan is a shall-issue state, with concealed pistol licenses (CPL) issued by county clerks.
• A license to purchase a pistol or a background check is required to buy a handgun.
• Only residents may buy handguns, while non-residents may purchase long guns.
• All handgun sales require a pistol sales record form to be filed with the Michigan State Police.
• There is no firearm registration system, though the state keeps sales records.
• Open carry is legal for residents 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm, as long as the firearm is registered in their name.
• Non-residents may open or conceal carry only with a valid carry license from their home state.
• Open carry is permitted in more locations than concealed carry, as some restricted areas apply only to concealed weapons.
• Concealed carry is legal for residents with a Michigan CPL and for non-residents 21 or older with valid permits from their home state.
• CPLs are available only to residents, except for active-duty military stationed in Michigan or those whose home of record is Michigan.
• A state-approved training course with at least 8 hours of instruction, including 3 hours of range time, is required for a CPL.
• Certain places, such as schools and hospitals, prohibit concealed carry.
• Michigan recognizes resident carry licenses from all U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

Use of Non-Deadly Force

• A person not committing a crime may use non-deadly force anywhere they have a legal right to be.
• There is no duty to retreat before using such force if they believe it is necessary to defend themselves or another from imminent unlawful force.

Use of Deadly Force

• A person not engaged in criminal activity may use deadly force if they reasonably believe it is necessary to prevent:
  • Imminent death or great bodily harm to themselves or another person, or
  • Imminent sexual assault against themselves or another person.
• There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force if the person is lawfully present.

Self-Defense Law

• Michigan recognizes both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground protections.
• There is no duty to retreat anywhere a person has a legal right to be.
• Anyone who lawfully uses a firearm in self-defense is immune from civil lawsuits or prosecution.

Minnesota

Minnesota Gun Laws Summary

Minnesota is a moderately gun-friendly state that follows a shall-issue policy for carry permits. Both open and concealed carry are allowed with a valid permit, and residents have defined self-defense rights with some limits under state law.

• Minnesota operates as a shall-issue state, meaning permits to carry a pistol (PCP) must be issued unless the sheriff determines there is a substantial likelihood the applicant poses a danger to themselves or others.
• Permits are issued locally by the county sheriff’s office.
• Both open and concealed carry are legal with a valid PCP or a recognized out-of-state permit. The law does not distinguish between open or concealed carry.
• As of early 2025, individuals aged 18–20 are permitted to obtain a PCP following court rulings striking down previous age restrictions.
• Resident and non-resident permits are both available, and non-residents may apply at any sheriff’s office.
• A permit is not required to possess or transport a firearm in one’s home, business, or vehicle.
• Minnesota honors carry permits from states with similar requirements.

Authorized Use of Force

• Reasonable force may be used under several circumstances, including:
  • Defending oneself or another from an offense,
  • Resisting trespass or unlawful interference with property,
  • By parents, guardians, or teachers in lawful authority to restrain or correct a child,
  • By school employees or bus drivers to prevent harm, or
  • By a carrier when removing a noncompliant passenger, provided safety is maintained.

Justifiable Use of Deadly Force

• Deadly force may be used if a person reasonably believes it is necessary to:
  • Prevent death or great bodily harm to themselves or another, or
  • Prevent the commission of a felony within their home.

Self-Defense Law

• Minnesota recognizes Castle Doctrine principles but does not have a formal statute.
• Deadly force is justified in defense of life or to prevent a felony in one’s home.
• There is a duty to retreat outside the home—deadly force can only be used as a last resort when no safe retreat is possible.

Mississippi

Mississippi Gun Laws Summary

Mississippi is a gun-friendly state that supports both open and concealed carry without a permit. The state protects the rights of lawful gun owners through strong Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• Mississippi is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed carry permits issued by the Department of Public Safety.
• No permit, registration, or background check is required to buy a handgun from a private seller.
• Background checks are only required for purchases from federally licensed dealers.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm, provided the gun is carried in a holster, sheath, or scabbard that is at least partially visible.
• Some locations, such as schools and bars, prohibit open carry.
• Concealed carry is legal without a permit for anyone who can legally possess a firearm, as long as the handgun is carried in a holster or sheath.
• The Department of Public Safety generally requires individuals to be at least 21 for permitless concealed carry.
• Two types of concealed carry permits are available for reciprocity purposes:
  • Standard Firearms Permit (SFP) – basic carry license.
  • Enhanced Standard Firearms Permit (E-SFP) – allows carrying in additional restricted areas and requires state-approved firearms training.
• Permit applicants must be at least 21 years old, or 18 if they are active or former military.
• Mississippi recognizes all valid concealed carry permits issued by other states.

Self-Defense Law

• Mississippi enforces both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• A person who is not the aggressor and not engaged in unlawful activity has no duty to retreat before using deadly force if they are in a place where they have a lawful right to be.

Justifiable Homicide

• Homicide is considered justified when:
  • Defending oneself from being killed or resisting a felony in one’s dwelling, vehicle, place of business, or employment.
  • Defending another person when it is reasonable to believe that the person is in imminent danger of death, great bodily harm, or a felony.
• A dwelling includes any structure or conveyance designed for overnight lodging, such as a house, RV, or tent, including attached porches.

Civil Immunity

• A person found to have acted in lawful self-defense is presumed immune from civil lawsuits if acquitted in criminal court for their use of force.

Missouri

Missouri Gun Laws Summary

Missouri is a highly gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry without a permit. The state also supports strong self-defense rights through its Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• Missouri is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed carry permits (CCPs) issued by county sheriffs for reciprocity purposes.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private seller.
• Open and concealed carry are legal for anyone 19 or older (18 for military members or honorably discharged veterans) who can legally possess a firearm.
• Local governments may restrict concealed carry in county or city-owned buildings and can require a CCP for open carry.
• State law redefined “unlawful use of a weapon” to mean carrying a weapon only in prohibited places listed under Missouri law.
• To obtain a CCP, applicants must:
  • Be 19 or older (18 for active or former military),
  • Reside in the county where they apply, and
  • Complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• Non-resident permits are available only to active-duty military members or veterans stationed in Missouri.
• Restricted areas include courthouses, public transportation systems, and certain government buildings.
• Missouri recognizes permitless carry, allowing any qualified person to carry concealed without a license.

Self-Defense Law

• Missouri enforces both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground protections.
• There is no duty to retreat from any place a person has a lawful right to be.
• Deadly force is justified when a person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent death, serious injury, or a forcible felony.
• Deadly force is also lawful when used against someone unlawfully entering a dwelling, residence, vehicle, or private property.
• The law covers defense of self, others (including unborn children), and one’s home or property.
• However, courts have clarified that deadly force may only be used when protecting against unlawful force—not solely to defend property.

Use of Physical Force

• Non-deadly force may be used when a person believes it is necessary to protect themselves, another person, or their property from theft, damage, or unlawful interference.

Legal Protections

• Political subdivisions cannot pass ordinances restricting the lawful use of firearms for defense of people or property.
• Missouri law shields lawful gun owners from prosecution when force is used reasonably and within the bounds of the law.

Montana

Montana Gun Laws Summary

Montana is one of the most gun-friendly states in the U.S., allowing both open and concealed carry without a permit. The state also offers strong legal protections for those who use firearms in self-defense under its Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• Montana is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed weapons permits (MCWPs) issued locally by county sheriffs.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private seller.
• Background checks are required for purchases from federally licensed dealers, except for MCWP holders.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• Minors 14 and older may carry or use a firearm in public if directly supervised by a parent, guardian, or authorized adult.
• Certain areas, including federal buildings, prohibit open carry.
• Concealed carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• A permit is required only in limited cases, such as when carrying concealed in state or local government buildings that restrict firearms.
• HB 102 (signed February 18, 2021) expanded where firearms may legally be carried and removed many former gun-free zones.
• Applicants for a concealed carry permit must demonstrate familiarity with firearms but are not required to complete formal safety training.
• Montana does not issue concealed carry permits to non-residents.
• Local governments may restrict unpermitted concealed carry in public buildings they own or occupy.
• The state recognizes concealed carry permits from states that require criminal background checks.

Use of Force in Defense of Person

• A person may use force or the threat of force if they reasonably believe it is necessary to defend themselves or another from imminent unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when the person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death, serious bodily harm, or a forcible felony.

Use of Force in Defense of an Occupied Structure

• Force is justified to prevent or stop unlawful entry or an attack on an occupied structure.
• Deadly force may be used if the person believes it necessary to prevent assault or a forcible felony during the entry or attack.

Use of Force in Defense of Property

• Force or the threat of force may be used to prevent or stop trespassing or criminal interference with property.
• Deadly force is only justified if the person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent a forcible felony.
• A forcible felony is any felony involving the use or threat of physical force or violence against a person.

Self-Defense Law

• Montana enforces both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground protections.
• A person lawfully present in any place has no duty to retreat before using defensive force.
• Individuals are not required to call law enforcement before defending themselves when faced with a credible threat of bodily harm or death.

Nebraska

Nebraska Gun Laws Summary

Nebraska is a gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry without a permit. While it recently adopted permitless carry, it still maintains specific rules for handgun purchases and recognizes strong self-defense rights through its Castle Doctrine protections.

• Nebraska is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with concealed handgun permits (CHPs) issued by the Nebraska State Patrol.
• A handgun purchase certificate or concealed carry permit is required to buy a handgun, including in private sales.
• No firearm registration is required.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who is not prohibited from possessing a firearm, though local governments may impose additional restrictions.
• When transporting or open carrying a handgun in a vehicle, the firearm must be visible.
• Some areas, such as schools, prohibit open carry.
• Concealed carry is legal for residents with a CHP and for non-residents with valid permits from states Nebraska recognizes.
• As of April 25, 2023, Nebraska law allows any law-abiding adult (excluding minors and prohibited persons) to carry a concealed firearm without a permit.
• Applicants for a CHP must be at least 21 years old and complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• CHPs are available only to residents and military members or their spouses stationed in Nebraska.
• Certain cities, such as Lincoln, have additional restrictions for those with misdemeanor convictions for specific offenses within the past 10 years.
• Nebraska recognizes concealed carry permits from states that have equal or higher standards than its own.

Use of Force in Self-Protection

• Force may be used when a person believes it is necessary to defend themselves from the imminent use of unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when necessary to protect against death, serious bodily harm, kidnapping, or sexual assault.
• Deadly force is not justified if the person provokes the attack or can safely retreat, surrender property, or comply with a demand—except when in their home or workplace.

Use of Force in Defense of Others

• Force may be used to protect another person if:
  • The actor would be justified in using such force to defend themselves,
  • The person being defended would be justified in using that force, and
  • The actor believes intervention is necessary.
• There is no duty to retreat when protecting another in their home or workplace, though retreat is required if complete safety can be ensured otherwise.

Use of Force in Defense of Property

• Force may be used to prevent or stop unlawful trespass or theft of property.
• Deadly force is only justified if the person believes it necessary to prevent serious harm, death, or certain felonies.

Self-Defense Law

• Nebraska follows the Castle Doctrine, allowing citizens to use force, including deadly force, to defend themselves in their homes or workplaces without retreating.
• Outside of those areas, the law requires retreat if it can be done safely before using deadly force in self-defense.

Nevada

Nevada Gun Laws Summary

Nevada is a gun-friendly, shall-issue state that recognizes both open and concealed carry. The state provides strong legal protection for self-defense under its Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• Nevada is a shall-issue state, with concealed firearm permits issued by county sheriffs.
• No permit or firearm registration is required to buy a handgun from a private individual.
• As of January 2, 2020, all firearm sales and transfers (except between immediate family members or certain temporary transfers) must be processed through a licensed federal firearms dealer, including background checks.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• Firearms may be carried openly almost anywhere, including in vehicles, provided they are not concealed on the person without a valid permit.
• Open carry is legal in more areas than concealed carry, as signs on public buildings typically prohibit only concealed firearms.
• Areas off-limits include schools, legislative buildings, and other restricted public spaces.
• Concealed carry is legal for residents with a Nevada Concealed Firearm Permit and for non-residents with valid permits from recognized states.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old (18 for active military), complete a state-approved firearms safety course, and demonstrate handgun proficiency.
• Both residents and non-residents can apply for Nevada concealed carry permits.
• In terms of reciprocity, Nevada honors permits from states that meet its specific requirements, and the official list is maintained by the Nevada Department of Public Safety.

Resistance by the Party About to Be Injured

• A person may resist force to prevent:
  • An offense against themselves or their family, or
  • An illegal attempt to take or damage property in their lawful possession.

Resistance by Other Persons

• Any person may use force in aid or defense of another who is about to be injured.

Justifiable Homicide

• Homicide is justified when committed in necessary self-defense or in defense of:
  • An occupied home, motor vehicle, or other residence,
  • Against a person attempting to commit a violent felony, or
  • Against anyone violently attempting to enter a home or vehicle to harm those inside.
• Justified deadly force applies only if the defender:
  • Was not the aggressor,
  • Had a right to be at the location, and
  • Was not engaged in a criminal act.
• “Crime of violence” refers to any felony that involves a significant risk of physical harm or violence to persons or property.

Self-Defense Law

• Nevada enforces both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• There is no duty to retreat inside one’s home or place of work.
• Force used must be reasonable, made in good faith, and immediately necessary in response to a threat.

Civil Immunity

• Individuals who lawfully use deadly or injurious force in justified self-defense are immune from civil lawsuits, including wrongful death claims.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire Gun Laws Summary

New Hampshire is one of the most gun-friendly states in the country, allowing residents and non-residents to carry firearms without a permit. The state also has strong self-defense protections under both its Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• New Hampshire is a shall-issue and permitless carry state.
• Residents can apply for a Pistol/Revolver License (PRL) from their local law enforcement agency, while non-residents can apply through the State Department of Justice.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to buy a handgun from a private individual.
• Open and concealed carry are legal without a license for anyone 18 years or older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
• There is no official minimum age to carry under state law, though federal law sets it at 18 years old.
• A PRL is optional and mainly issued for reciprocity purposes when traveling to other states.
• Fingerprinting and photographs are not required for a PRL, and applicants do not need to complete any firearms training.
• In terms of reciprocity, because New Hampshire allows permitless carry, any lawful gun owner 18 or older may carry concealed without a permit.
• PRL holders may enjoy additional benefits when visiting other states that recognize New Hampshire permits.

Physical Force in Defense of a Person

• A person may use non-deadly force when they reasonably believe it is necessary to protect themselves or another person from imminent unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when a person reasonably believes another individual is:
  • About to use unlawful deadly force,
  • Using unlawful force during a burglary,
  • Committing or attempting kidnapping or a forcible sex offense, or
  • Committing a felony involving unlawful force within the actor’s dwelling or its curtilage.
• Deadly force is not justified if the actor knows they can safely:
  • Retreat from the encounter, unless in their home, curtilage, or a place they have the right to be,
  • Surrender property, or
  • Comply with an unlawful demand without endangering life or safety.

Use of Force in Defense of Premises

• A person in control of or lawfully present on property may use non-deadly force to prevent or stop a criminal trespass.
• Deadly force is justified only when defending against an individual attempting to commit arson or to protect a person from harm.

Definitions

• “Dwelling” includes any building, structure, vehicle, boat, or other place adapted for overnight accommodation.
• “Curtilage” refers to the immediate area around the dwelling used for domestic purposes, such as outbuildings or yards.

Self-Defense Law

• New Hampshire enforces both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat anywhere a person has a legal right to be.
• Force must be reasonable and based on an immediate threat of bodily harm or death.

Civil Immunity

• Anyone who justifiably uses force in defense of themselves, others, property, or in lawful protection of a minor is immune from civil liability for injuries sustained by the aggressor.

Relevant Statutes: N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 627:1-a, 627:4, 627:5, 627:6, and 627:7

New Jersey

New Jersey Gun Laws Summary

New Jersey has some of the strictest gun laws in the United States, though it is now officially a shall-issue state for concealed carry following recent court rulings. While residents can apply for a permit to carry a handgun, the process remains highly regulated and controlled by both local law enforcement and the courts.

• New Jersey is a shall-issue state, with permits to carry handguns (PCH) issued by municipal police departments or the New Jersey State Police.
• Applicants must first obtain approval from their local police chief and then present the application to a superior court judge for final authorization.
• To buy a handgun, residents must have a Firearms Purchaser Identification (FPID) card and pass a National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) check conducted through a licensed firearms dealer.
• Private handgun sales between residents must also go through a state-licensed dealer or comply with the state’s background check requirements.
• Both dealer and private sales require copies of purchase permits to be submitted to the New Jersey State Police Firearms Investigations Unit.
• An FPID is also required to buy handgun ammunition from a dealer.
• Open carry is prohibited statewide.
• Concealed carry is legal only for those with a valid NJ PCH.
• PCHs are available to residents and non-residents, but applicants must:
  • Be at least 21 years old, and
  • Complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• In terms of reciprocity, New Jersey does not recognize permits from any other states.

Self-Defense Law

• New Jersey recognizes the Castle Doctrine, meaning there is no duty to retreat inside one’s own dwelling.
• Outside the home, individuals must retreat if they can do so safely before resorting to deadly force.
• The use of deadly force is only justified if the actor reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily harm.

Use of Force in Defense of a Person

• Force may be used when an individual reasonably believes it is immediately necessary to protect themselves from unlawful force.
• Deadly force may only be used if the individual reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent death or serious injury.
• Deadly force is not justified if:
  • The actor provoked the attack, or
  • The actor can retreat safely (except inside their dwelling).

Use of Force in Defense of Others

• A person may use force to protect another if:
  • They would be justified in using such force to defend themselves,
  • The person being defended would also be justified in using such force, and
  • The defender reasonably believes intervention is necessary.

Use of Force in Defense of Premises

• Force may be used to prevent or stop a criminal trespass.
• Deadly force is justified only if the person reasonably believes the intruder:
  • Is attempting to take their dwelling, or
  • Is committing arson, burglary, robbery, or another serious property crime.
• Even then, deadly force is not justified unless the intruder uses or threatens deadly force, or if using lesser force would put others at risk of serious harm.

Use of Force in Defense of Dwelling

• Force or deadly force is justified when a person reasonably believes it is immediately necessary to protect themselves or others inside the dwelling from an unlawful intruder.
• The defender must have been lawfully present, and the situation must have been sudden or unexpected, leaving no time for retreat.
• The defender must also reasonably believe the intruder intends to cause harm or refuse to leave after being ordered to withdraw.

Relevant Statutes: N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 2C:3-4, 2C:3-5, and 2C:3-6

New Mexico

New Mexico Gun Laws Summary

New Mexico is generally considered a moderately gun-friendly state, allowing open carry without a license and shall-issue concealed carry permits for residents who meet the legal requirements. While firearm ownership is common, the state enforces some restrictions such as mandatory background checks for most private sales and strict training requirements for concealed carry permits.

• New Mexico is a shall-issue state, with Concealed Handgun Licenses (CHLs) issued by the Department of Public Safety.
• No permit or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private individual.
• However, under Senate Bill 8 (SB-8), effective July 1, 2019, all private firearm sales must include a background check conducted by a licensed federal firearms dealer.
• Exceptions apply to sales between law enforcement officers or immediate family members.
• Open carry is legal without a license for anyone 19 years or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Some areas are off-limits for open carry, including tribal lands and establishments serving hard liquor.
• Concealed carry requires a valid New Mexico CHL for residents or a recognized out-of-state permit for non-residents.
• The law allows a CHL holder to carry only one concealed handgun at a time, and the license specifies the category and caliber of the firearm.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old and complete a 15-hour state-approved handgun safety course, including live-fire training.
• New Mexico does not issue non-resident licenses, except for active military members stationed in the state and their dependents.
• No license is required to carry an unloaded firearm, or to carry a loaded firearm in a vehicle, whether openly or concealed.
• In terms of reciprocity, New Mexico recognizes permits from states with which it has formal agreements.

Self-Defense Law

• New Mexico follows both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles through court precedent rather than statute.
• The 1946 State v. Couch ruling established that a person has no duty to retreat when facing an attack and may lawfully stand their ground in self-defense.
• Deadly force is justified only when there is a reasonable belief of imminent danger of death, great bodily harm, or a forcible felony.

Justifiable Homicide
According to N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-2-7, homicide is considered justifiable when:

• It is committed in defense of oneself, one’s family, a third person, or property;
• It is committed when there is a reasonable belief that a felony or great personal injury is imminent; or
• It occurs while lawfully attempting to apprehend a felon, suppress a riot, or preserve the peace.

To claim self-defense, the defendant must demonstrate that:

1. They were placed in reasonable fear of immediate death or serious injury,
2. The force used was proportional to the threat, and
3. They did not initiate the confrontation.

Relevant Statute: N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-2-7

New York

New York Gun Laws Summary

New York has some of the most restrictive gun laws in the country, though the Supreme Court’s NYSRPA v. Bruen decision in 2022 forced the state to adopt a shall-issue system for concealed carry. Even so, strict permitting rules, registration requirements, and location bans remain in place, making it one of the least gun-friendly states.

• New York is a shall-issue state, with Pistol Licenses (NYPLs) issued by county sheriffs or local courts.
• To purchase a handgun, buyers must have a permit to purchase, complete a background check, and register the firearm.
• Private handgun sales must be conducted through a licensed firearms dealer, who performs the background check and files the transaction with state authorities.
• It is illegal to possess an unregistered handgun in New York.
• Open carry is not explicitly addressed in state law but is effectively prohibited since a NYPL is required to possess a loaded handgun outside one’s home or place of business.
• Concealed carry is legal only with a valid NYPL.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old, except for honorably discharged military members, who may apply at any age.
• A NYPL can be issued only to residents, part-time residents, or those principally employed or conducting business in New York.
• New York City licenses are valid statewide but must also be validated by the city before handguns can be brought into the five boroughs.
• A NYPL issued elsewhere in the state is not valid within New York City unless approved by NYC authorities.
• Common types of NYPLs include concealed carry and possess-on-premises licenses.
• Licenses may have restrictions—for example, valid only while hunting or traveling to target practice.
• New York does not honor any out-of-state permits.
• Some areas, including schools, courthouses, and other designated “sensitive places,” are off-limits to firearms.
• Licenses issued in New York City, Westchester, Nassau, and Suffolk counties must be renewed every three years. Licenses elsewhere do not expire but require recertification every three years with the New York State Police.

Self-Defense Law

• New York follows the Castle Doctrine, meaning individuals have the right to defend themselves inside their dwelling without retreating.
• However, outside the home, there is a duty to retreat if a person can do so safely before using deadly force.

Use of Physical Force
A person may use non-deadly force when they reasonably believe it is necessary to:

• Defend themselves or another person from unlawful physical force,
• Stop or prevent trespassing, larceny, or criminal mischief, or
• Prevent a crime involving property damage.

Use of Deadly Force
Deadly force is justified only when a person reasonably believes that:

1. Another person is using or about to use deadly physical force — unless the defender can safely retreat (except inside their dwelling if they are not the aggressor);
2. Another person is committing or attempting kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible sexual act, or robbery; or
3. Another person is committing or attempting arson or burglary under conditions that warrant deadly defense.

Relevant Statutes: N.Y. Penal Law §§ 35.10, 35.15, 35.20, and 35.25

North Carolina

North Carolina Gun Laws Summary

North Carolina is a gun-friendly state with clear laws supporting both open and concealed carry for lawful gun owners. The state also enforces strong self-defense rights under its Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• North Carolina is a shall-issue state with Concealed Handgun Permits (CHPs) issued at the county level by local sheriffs.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for individuals 18 years or older who can legally own a firearm.
• Local governments may place restrictions on open carry in public spaces such as roads, sidewalks, or government property.
• Some areas remain off-limits, including schools, the State Capitol, and certain government buildings.
• Concealed carry is legal for residents with a valid CHP and for non-residents holding any valid carry license recognized by North Carolina.
• Applicants must be at least 21 years old and complete a state-approved firearm safety course.
• CHPs are issued to both residents and military members permanently stationed in the state.
• North Carolina recognizes concealed carry permits from all other U.S. states, regardless of the age of the permit holder.

Self-Defense Law

• North Carolina is a Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground state.
• Individuals have no duty to retreat when they are in a place where they are legally allowed to be.
• Deadly force may be used if a person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to themselves or another.
• The same protection applies when the person is in their home, vehicle, or workplace, and the aggressor is unlawfully or forcibly entering.

Immunity from Liability

• A person who uses justified force that is likely to cause death or injury is immune from criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits if the use of force is lawful.

Use of Force

• Non-deadly force is permitted when a person reasonably believes it is necessary to defend against another’s imminent use of unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when:
  • The defender reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious injury, or
  • The aggressor is forcibly entering or attempting to remove someone from a home, vehicle, or workplace.

Relevant Statutes: N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 14-51.2 and 14-51.3

North Dakota

North Dakota Gun Laws Summary

North Dakota is a gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry with minimal restrictions. The state issues concealed carry licenses for reciprocity purposes and provides strong legal protections for lawful self-defense.

• North Dakota is a shall-issue state, with Concealed Weapon Licenses (CWLs) issued by the state attorney general.
• Law enforcement retains limited discretion to deny a license if the applicant is known to be a danger to self or others.
• No permits, background checks, or firearm registration are required when buying a handgun from a private individual.
• Open carry of a handgun is legal for residents with a CWL and non-residents who have a valid concealed carry license from a state that North Dakota honors.
• The minimum age for open carry is 18 years old.
• Permitless concealed carry became legal for both residents and non-residents on August 1, 2023, provided they can legally possess a firearm, are at least 18 years old, carry valid identification, and inform law enforcement of the firearm when contacted.
• Restrictions still apply in bars, schools, and other prohibited areas.
• North Dakota issues two types of licenses:
  • Class 1 CWL – requires more extensive testing and is valid in more states.
  • Class 2 CWL – valid within the state but recognized by fewer states.
• Applicants must complete a state-approved firearms training course.
• The state issues licenses to non-residents with valid home-state permits, as long as those states have reciprocity with North Dakota.
• Reciprocity is currently unclear due to HB 1293 (2021), but the state attorney general’s website lists the most up-to-date recognition agreements.

Self-Defense Law

• North Dakota recognizes both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat anywhere a person is legally allowed to be.
• Deadly force is justified to prevent death, serious bodily injury, or the commission of a violent felony.
• Force may also be used to prevent arson, burglary, robbery, or violent felonies in one’s home, workplace, vehicle, or occupied trailer.

Use of Force in Defense of Premises and Property

• Force may be used to prevent or stop unlawful entry, trespass, or theft.
• Deadly force is only justified if the defender believes that using lesser force would expose them or others to serious bodily harm.

Immunity from Liability

• A person who lawfully uses deadly force is immune from both civil and criminal liability if the force was justified under state law.

Relevant Statutes: N.D. Cent. Code §§ 12.1-05-03 through 12.1-05-07.2

Ohio

Ohio Gun Laws Summary

Ohio has straightforward firearm laws that support both open and concealed carry without a license. The state also recognizes strong self-defense protections under its Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground provisions.

• Ohio is a shall-issue state with Concealed Handgun Licenses (CHLs) issued by county sheriffs.
• No permit, background check, or registration is required to buy a handgun from a private individual.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for individuals 18 years or older who can legally possess a firearm.
• Concealed carry is legal without a permit for individuals 21 years or older who are not prohibited from owning a handgun.
• Permitless carry went into effect on June 12, 2022.
• According to the Ohio Attorney General, it is legal to carry a loaded handgun in a vehicle.
• Residents can still obtain a CHL for reciprocity purposes. Applicants must complete 8 hours of firearms training unless they qualify for a military exemption.
• Active duty military members and veterans can receive a CHL without paying the fee or attending training, if they provide proof of firearms qualification.
• Non-residents who work in Ohio are also eligible for a CHL.
• Ohio honors all other states’ carry permits, regardless of residency.

Self-Defense Law

• Ohio follows the Castle Doctrine and has a Stand Your Ground law.
• There is no duty to retreat before using force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of one’s residence, as long as the person is legally allowed to be there.
• Deadly force is justified only if the defender reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm.

Immunity from Civil Liability

• Under Ohio law, a person using deadly force in lawful self-defense is presumed to have acted reasonably if they were in a place they had a legal right to be.
• The burden of proof is on the prosecution to show beyond a reasonable doubt that the use of force was not justified.

Relevant Statutes: Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2901.09, 2901.05

Oklahoma

Oklahoma Gun Laws Summary

Oklahoma is one of the most gun-friendly states in the country, offering broad protections for lawful gun owners and strong self-defense rights. The state supports both open and concealed carry without the need for a permit.

• Oklahoma is a shall-issue and permitless carry state.
• Firearm licenses are processed by local sheriffs under the Self-Defense Act (SDA).
• No permit, waiting period, or firearm registration is required to buy a handgun from a private individual.
• A background check is only required when buying from a Federal Firearms Dealer (FFL).
• Open carry is legal without a license for those 21 years or older, or 18 and older for active-duty military and veterans. Firearms may be carried openly for lawful self-defense, hunting, or recreation.
• Concealed carry is also legal without a license for anyone who meets the same age and eligibility requirements.
• Residents can still apply for an Oklahoma Self-Defense Act License (SDAL) for reciprocity purposes.
  • Applicants must be 21 or older, complete a firearms training course, and meet other state requirements.
  • SDALs are issued to residents and military members and their spouses stationed in Oklahoma.
  • Non-residents are not eligible for SDALs, but visitors from other permitless carry states may legally carry in Oklahoma.
• There is a .45 caliber limit on the firearm carried under an SDAL.
• Oklahoma recognizes all other states’ carry permits.

Self-Defense Law

• Oklahoma follows both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat in any place a person has a lawful right to be.
• A person may use deadly force to prevent death, great bodily harm, or the commission of a forcible felony.
• The law presumes a person acted reasonably if using deadly force against someone unlawfully entering a home, vehicle, business, or place of worship.

House Bill 2818 (May 2025 Updates)
Recent legislation expanded and clarified Oklahoma’s self-defense and firearm laws:

• Presumption of Reasonable Fear – Individuals are presumed to have reasonable fear of imminent danger when using force against an intruder in a dwelling, vehicle, or business.
• Defense of Property – Citizens can use defensive force, including the defensive display of a firearm, to protect property without penalty.
• No License Needed for Defensive Display – Displaying a firearm in a defensive situation no longer requires a handgun license.
• Clarified Defensive Display Rules – The law defines when and how a firearm may be lawfully shown in defense.
• Removal of “Unlawful Pointing” Penalties – Individuals lawfully acting in self-defense are exempt from penalties for pointing a firearm.
• Reduced Penalties for Certain Firearm Offenses – The bill eliminates mandatory minimum sentences for some gun-related crimes and removes automatic license revocation for minor violations.

Immunity from Liability

• A person who lawfully uses defensive force is immune from criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits related to the incident.

Relevant Statute: Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 1289.25

Oregon

Oregon Gun Laws Summary

Oregon is moderately gun-friendly compared to many western states, though it has more restrictions and oversight when it comes to background checks and local firearm rules. Residents can openly carry firearms, but concealed carry requires a state-issued license.

• Oregon is a shall-issue state, but local sheriffs have limited discretion to deny a license if they believe an applicant poses a danger to themselves or others.
• No license is needed to purchase a firearm.
• Private sales must go through a licensed dealer, who conducts a background check and keeps a record of the sale for five years.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for individuals 18 years and older, though cities and counties may impose local restrictions on open carry in public areas or vehicles.
• Some locations, such as federal buildings and Indian reservations, prohibit firearms altogether.
• Concealed carry requires an Oregon Concealed Handgun License (CHL).
  • Applicants must be 21 or older and show competence with a handgun, either through an approved firearms safety course, organized shooting competition, or military service.
  • Oregon issues CHLs to residents and non-residents of neighboring states (Washington, California, Idaho, or Nevada) at the discretion of local sheriffs.
  • Oregon does not honor any other state’s permits.

Self-Defense Law

• Oregon law does not formally include a Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground statute, but court rulings have established that there is no duty to retreat before using force in lawful self-defense.
• A person may use reasonable physical force when they believe it is necessary to defend themselves or another person against unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified when the defender reasonably believes the aggressor is:
  • Committing or attempting to commit a felony involving physical force,
  • Committing or attempting to commit a burglary in a dwelling, or
  • About to use unlawful deadly force against another person.
• Deadly force can also be used to prevent arson or a forcible violent felony by a trespasser.

Use of Physical Force in Property Protection

• Non-deadly force may be used to prevent or stop:
  • Theft or criminal mischief,
  • Criminal trespass, or
  • Burglary in a dwelling.

Relevant Statutes: Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 161.205, 161.209, 161.219, 161.225 & 161.229

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Gun Laws Summary

Pennsylvania offers strong protections for lawful gun owners but enforces strict requirements on handgun transfers and transport. The state recognizes both open and concealed carry but requires a license for carrying in vehicles or in the city of Philadelphia.

• Pennsylvania is a shall-issue state with Licenses to Carry Firearms (LTCs) issued by county sheriffs or, in large cities, by the chief of police.
• No permit is required to purchase a firearm, though handgun transfers must go through a licensed dealer or county sheriff with a background check.
• Private transfers between immediate family members (spouses, parents, grandparents, children, or grandchildren) are exempt.
• The state police maintain records of all handgun sales for five years.
• Open carry is legal for individuals 18 and older who can lawfully possess a firearm.
  • A license is required to open carry in Philadelphia or inside a vehicle.
  • Following a recent court ruling stay (Sept. 2024), it is again illegal to carry a loaded firearm in a vehicle without a valid LTC.
• Concealed carry requires an LTC.
  • Applicants must be 21 or older, and non-residents must already have a valid permit from their home state.
  • No training requirement is mandated.
• Reciprocity: Pennsylvania honors resident permits from states with formal reciprocity agreements only.

Recent Court Decisions (2024):

• Jan. 15, 2024: The Third Circuit ruled that barring 18–20-year-olds from carry permits was unconstitutional.
• Oct. 15, 2024: The U.S. Supreme Court overturned that decision, reinstating the 21-year-old minimum age requirement.

Self-Defense Law

• Pennsylvania follows both the Castle Doctrine and a Stand Your Ground law.
• There is no duty to retreat in one’s home, vehicle, or any place a person has a lawful right to be if threatened with a deadly weapon or object that appears to be one.
• Deadly force is justified if a person reasonably believes it is immediately necessary to prevent:
  • Death or serious bodily injury,
  • Kidnapping, or
  • Sexual assault against themselves or another.
• A person is presumed justified in using deadly force when:
  • An intruder is unlawfully entering or has entered a home, residence, or occupied vehicle, or
  • The intruder is attempting to remove another person against their will.

Use of Force for Property Protection

• Non-deadly force may be used to prevent trespassing or theft of property.
• Force may also be used to retake property or terminate unlawful entry if the actor reasonably believes it is necessary.

Relevant Statutes: 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 505, 506, 507

Rhode Island

Rhode Island Gun Laws Summary

Rhode Island is somewhat restrictive when it comes to firearm ownership and carry, though both local authorities and the attorney general can issue concealed carry licenses. The state operates under both “shall-issue” and “may-issue” frameworks depending on which authority processes the application.

• Licenses to Carry Concealed Weapons (LCCWs) are issued by local police chiefs on a shall-issue basis if the applicant is found to be a “suitable person” with a proper reason to carry.
• The Attorney General’s Office may also issue LCCWs on a may-issue basis, requiring a demonstrated need for self-protection.
• Applicants must be 21 years or older, complete a firearms safety course with a live-fire test, and provide three notarized references.
• Non-residents with a valid permit from their home state may apply for an LCCW through local law enforcement, while the attorney general can issue permits even to non-residents without a home-state permit.
• To purchase a handgun, a buyer must either have an LCCW or obtain a “blue card” from the Department of Environmental Management after passing a safety test.
• A background check is required for all handgun sales, including private transfers.
• There is no firearms registration requirement.
• Open carry is legal only for those holding an LCCW issued by the attorney general.
• Concealed carry is legal with a valid LCCW from either local authorities or the attorney general.
• Rhode Island does not recognize permits from any other states.
• Firearms are not allowed in certain areas, including state parks and federal buildings.

Self-Defense Law

• Rhode Island follows the Castle Doctrine.
• A person has no duty to retreat when lawfully present in their home or place of business and may use reasonable force, including deadly force, to prevent great bodily harm or death.
• The law presumes that an owner, tenant, or lawful occupant acted reasonably in self-defense if a person was committing or attempting to commit certain crimes, including:
  • Burglary, breaking and entering,
  • Murder,
  • Sexual assault,
  • Robbery,
  • Arson, or
  • Larceny.

Relevant Statute: R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. § 11-8-8

South Carolina

South Carolina Gun Laws Summary

South Carolina is considered a gun-friendly state that recently expanded its carry rights through permitless carry legislation. Residents and visitors can now carry firearms openly or concealed without obtaining a permit, though some restrictions and location bans still apply.

• South Carolina is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with Concealed Weapons Permits (CWPs) handled by the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED).
• No permit, background check, or registration is required to purchase a firearm from a private individual.
• As of March 7, 2024, both open carry and concealed carry are legal without a permit for anyone 18 years or older who is not prohibited from owning a firearm.
• A “concealable weapon” includes any firearm under 12 inches in length, which may be carried openly or concealed for lawful self-defense, defense of others, or property protection.
• Areas that are off-limits to concealed carry also apply to open carry, including schools, courthouses, and posted private property marked with “No Concealable Weapons Allowed” signs.
• CWPs are still available to residents, non-residents who own property in the state, and military members stationed in South Carolina.
  • Applicants must be at least 18 years old and complete an 8-hour firearm training course approved by SLED.
• Reciprocity: South Carolina honors resident permits from states that recognize South Carolina permits and require both a background check and a firearm safety course.

Self-Defense Law

• South Carolina follows both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• A person who is not engaged in illegal activity and is attacked in any place they have a lawful right to be has no duty to retreat.
• Deadly force is justified when a person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent:
  • Death or great bodily harm to themselves or another, or
  • The commission of a violent crime.
• The law presumes a person acted with reasonable fear if the aggressor was:
  • Unlawfully and forcibly entering a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle,
  • Removing or attempting to remove another person against their will, or
  • Committing a forcible felony during the incident.

Definitions:

• Dwelling: Any building or structure designed for overnight lodging, including attached porches and tents.
• Residence: A dwelling where a person lives permanently, temporarily, or as an invited guest.
• Vehicle: Any conveyance designed to transport people or property, whether motorized or not.

Relevant Statute: S.C. Code Ann. § 16-11-440

South Dakota

South Dakota Gun Laws Summary

South Dakota is one of the most gun-friendly states in the country, with both open and concealed carry allowed without a permit. The state recognizes the right of citizens to carry firearms for personal protection with minimal restrictions.

• South Dakota is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with Concealed Pistol Permits (CPPs) handled by county sheriffs.
• No permit, background check, or registration is required to purchase a firearm from a private seller.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 years or older who can legally possess a firearm.
  • Based on a 2004 Attorney General opinion, a handgun in a vehicle must be visible if carried without a permit.
  • Schools and school buses are among the locations where carry is prohibited.
• Concealed carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 years or older who can lawfully possess a gun.
• For reciprocity purposes, South Dakota issues three types of Concealed Pistol Permits:
  • Regular Permit: Basic permit recognized by many states.
  • Gold Card Permit: Includes a completed NICS background check, removing waiting periods for gun purchases.
  • Enhanced Permit: Requires a firearms training course, provides the same background check exemption, and is recognized in seven additional states.
• Reciprocity: South Dakota recognizes all out-of-state permits.

Self-Defense Law

• South Dakota follows both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• There is no duty to retreat in any place a person has a legal right to be.

Use of Force and Deadly Force:

• Defense of Property:
  • Non-deadly force may be used to prevent or stop trespass or interference with property.
  • Deadly force may be used to prevent a forcible felony, such as burglary or robbery.
• Defense of Dwelling or Residence:
  • A person in their home, residence, or occupied vehicle may use deadly force if they reasonably believe it is necessary to prevent imminent death, great bodily harm, or a forcible felony.
  • The law presumes the defender reasonably feared for their life if the aggressor was unlawfully entering or attempting to enter the home or vehicle.
• Defense of Person:
  • Deadly force is justified if used to prevent imminent death, great bodily harm, or the commission of a forcible felony.
• Immunity:
  • A person who uses or threatens to use justified force is immune from both criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits related to that use of force.

Relevant Statute: S.D. Codified Laws § 22-18-4

Tennessee

Tennessee Gun Laws Summary

Tennessee has become increasingly friendly toward gun owners in recent years, especially after adopting permitless carry in 2021. Residents and visitors who can legally possess a handgun may now carry openly or concealed without needing a permit.

• Tennessee is a shall-issue and permitless carry state.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to buy a handgun from a private seller.
• As of July 1, 2021, Tennessee law allows permitless carry (open or concealed) for anyone 18 years or older who can legally own a firearm and is in a place where they have the right to be.
• Government buildings and schools remain off-limits for carrying.
• Tennessee offers two types of handgun carry permits:
  • Concealed Handgun Carry Permit (CHCP): Requires a 90-minute online course and allows concealed carry.
  • Enhanced Handgun Carry Permit (EHCP): Requires 8 hours of live training and allows open or concealed carry in more locations.
• Non-residents who work in Tennessee may apply for a permit after six months of employment if they already hold a valid permit from their home state.
• Reciprocity: Tennessee honors all other states’ valid concealed carry permits.

Self-Defense Law

• Tennessee follows both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• A person who is lawfully present and not engaged in illegal activity has no duty to retreat before using deadly force if they reasonably believe it’s necessary to prevent:
  • Imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm, or
  • The commission of a forcible felony.
• A person inside a home, business, or vehicle is presumed to have a reasonable belief of imminent danger when using force against someone who unlawfully and forcibly entered the location.

Defense of Property

• A person in lawful possession of property may use reasonable force to stop trespassing or interference.
• Deadly force is only justified to prevent imminent death, great bodily harm, or a forcible felony.

Defense of a Third Person

• A person may use force to defend another if they reasonably believe it’s immediately necessary to protect that person from unlawful force.

Relevant Statutes: Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-11-611, 39-11-612, 39-11-614

Texas

Texas Gun Laws Summary

Texas has some of the broadest firearm rights in the nation, allowing permitless open and concealed carry for lawful adults while maintaining strong legal protections for self-defense.

• Texas is a shall-issue and permitless carry state.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private seller.
• As of September 1, 2021, anyone 21 years or older (or 18 and older per a 2023 federal ruling) who can lawfully possess a handgun may carry openly or concealed without a license.
  • Openly carried handguns must be in a holster.
  • Some areas remain off-limits, including schools, courthouses, secure airport zones, and racetracks.
• Licenses to Carry (LTCs) are still available for residents and non-residents through the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS).
  • Applicants must complete a 4–6 hour course, a written exam, and a shooting test.
  • LTCs can be useful for reciprocity in other states and to bypass federal background checks during firearm purchases.
• Reciprocity: Texas recognizes all other states’ valid handgun carry licenses, and many states honor Texas LTCs in return.

Self-Defense Law

• Texas follows both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.
• There is no duty to retreat if you are lawfully present and believe force or deadly force is immediately necessary to protect yourself or others.
• A person’s belief in the need for deadly force is presumed reasonable if the aggressor was:
  • Unlawfully and forcibly entering or attempting to enter a home, vehicle, or workplace;
  • Removing or attempting to remove someone from those places; or
  • Committing or attempting to commit a violent felony such as murder, sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated kidnapping.

Defense of Property

• Deadly force may be used to protect land or personal property when necessary to stop crimes such as:
  • Arson, burglary, robbery, aggravated robbery, or theft during the nighttime; or
  • To prevent a fleeing suspect from escaping with property when recovery by other means would cause serious risk of injury or death.

Defense of a Third Person

• Force or deadly force may be used to protect another person if it would have been justified for self-defense under the same circumstances and if intervention is immediately necessary.

Key Statutes: Tex. Penal Code §§ 9.31, 9.32, 9.33, 9.41, 9.42 & 9.43

Utah

Utah Gun Laws Summary

Utah is a gun-friendly state that allows both open and concealed carry without a permit for law-abiding adults. The state has preemption authority, meaning local governments cannot enforce their own firearm regulations.

• Utah is a shall-issue and permitless carry state, with Concealed Firearm Permits (CFPs) issued by the Bureau of Criminal Identification (BCI).
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private seller.
• As of May 5, 2021, open and concealed carry of a loaded firearm is legal for anyone 21 years or older who can legally possess a gun.
• Utah still issues CFPs for those seeking reciprocity in other states:
  • Residents 21 and older may apply.
  • Non-residents 21 and older may apply if they already have a permit from their home state.
  • A provisional permit is available to individuals 18–20 years old.
  • Applicants must complete a firearm familiarity course certified by the BCI.
• Some areas remain off-limits, including courthouses and secured airport zones.
• Reciprocity: Utah honors permits from other states and is widely recognized across the U.S.

Self-Defense Law

• Utah follows both the Castle Doctrine (called defense of habitation) and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat when a person reasonably believes deadly force is needed to prevent a felony or protect life in a place where they are lawfully present.

Force in Defense of a Person

• Force or threats of force are justified when a person reasonably believes it is necessary to defend themselves or another from the imminent use of unlawful force.
• Deadly force is justified only if the person believes it is necessary to prevent death, serious bodily injury, or the commission of a forcible felony.

Force in Defense of Habitation (Castle Doctrine)

• A person may use deadly force to stop or prevent an unlawful, violent, or stealthy entry into their home if they reasonably believe the intruder intends to commit a felony or inflict harm.

Force in Defense of Property

• Non-deadly force may be used to prevent or stop trespass or criminal interference with property lawfully in one’s possession.
• Deadly force may only be used when the trespass involves violence or is committed for the purpose of a forcible felony.

Civil and Criminal Immunity

• A person who lawfully uses deadly force in defense of property or persons is presumed to have acted reasonably and is protected from civil and criminal liability.

Relevant Statutes: Utah Code §§ 76-2-402, 76-2-405, 76-2-406, & 76-2-407

Vermont

Vermont Gun Laws Summary

Vermont is one of the most firearm-friendly states in the country and has allowed permitless carry longer than any other state. It does not issue any type of concealed carry permit and treats both residents and non-residents equally under its laws.

• Vermont is a does-not-issue and constitutional carry state.
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required to purchase from a private individual, though all non-family transfers must go through a licensed firearms dealer for a background check.
• Buyers under 21 years old must have completed a hunter safety course or be a member or veteran of the military, National Guard, or law enforcement.
• Open and concealed carry are both legal without a permit for anyone 16 or older who can legally possess a firearm (federal law sets the minimum age for handguns at 18).
• Vermont does not issue concealed carry permits and does not honor any other state’s permits because none are required.
• There are no residency restrictions for carrying a firearm.

Self-Defense Law

• Vermont does not have a specific Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground statute, but state courts have ruled that there is no duty to retreat when attacked inside one’s home.
• A person is justified in using deadly force if it is necessary to defend their own life or the life of a family or household member from murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, burglary, or robbery involving force or violence.

Relevant Statute: Vt. Stat. Ann. § 2305

Virginia

Virginia Gun Laws Summary

Virginia maintains a balance between gun ownership rights and state-level regulation, with both open and concealed carry permitted under defined conditions. The state is considered moderately gun-friendly but has added some new purchase and local carry restrictions in recent years.

• Virginia is a shall-issue state.
• No permit or registration is required to buy a handgun from a private individual, provided both parties are Virginia residents.
• Since July 1, 2020, all firearm sales, including private ones, must be processed through a licensed dealer with a background check.
• Virginia enforces a one-handgun-per-month purchase limit, though concealed handgun permit (CHP) holders are exempt.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can legally possess a firearm.
  • Some localities, including Alexandria and Newport News, may restrict open carry in public buildings, parks, and at special events.
• Concealed carry is legal with a Virginia CHP or a valid out-of-state permit.
  • Applicants must be 21 years or older and complete a state-approved firearms training course.
  • CHPs are issued to residents and non-residents.
  • Some areas remain off-limits, such as airport terminals, churches during services, and certain government properties.
• Reciprocity: Virginia honors all out-of-state concealed carry permits.

Self-Defense Law

• Virginia recognizes self-defense and elements of both the Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground, though these are based on case law, not statute.
• There is no duty to retreat if a person is lawfully present and faces an immediate threat.

Defense of Dwelling

• Non-deadly force may be used to stop or prevent unlawful entry into a home.
• Deadly force is justified only if the person reasonably believes the intruder intends to cause great bodily harm or death.

Defense of Self or Others

• A person who is not the aggressor may use reasonable force if they reasonably believe they are in imminent danger of serious bodily harm or death.
• Deadly force is only justified if there is a present danger of great bodily harm.
• A person may defend others if the person being defended would have been justified in using force.

Washington

Washington Gun Laws Summary

Washington has moderate firearm regulations compared to other states, balancing gun ownership rights with background check and storage requirements. While gun ownership is allowed, the state enforces strict transfer laws and limits where firearms can be carried.

• Washington is a shall-issue state with Concealed Pistol Licenses (CPLs) issued by local sheriff or police departments.
• All firearm sales, including private transfers, must go through a licensed firearms dealer (FFL) and require a background check.
• Retail dealers must record and report all handgun sales to local law enforcement and the State Department of Licensing.
• Buyers without a Washington driver’s license or who have lived in the state for less than 90 days may face a 60-day waiting period before handgun delivery.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 21 or older who may lawfully possess a firearm, though some public areas are restricted (such as schools, courthouses, and legislative buildings).
• Open carry is also banned within 250 feet of permitted demonstrations and state Capitol grounds under SB 5038.
• A valid CPL is required to carry a loaded handgun in a vehicle.
• Concealed carry is legal for residents and non-residents with a CPL or a valid out-of-state permit recognized by Washington.
• Applicants must be 21 years or older, but no training course is required for a CPL.
• Reciprocity: Washington recognizes permits from states that meet its background check and eligibility standards.

Self-Defense Law

• Washington law clearly protects individuals who defend themselves, others, or property against violent crimes.
• A person cannot be prosecuted for using reasonable force to protect themselves, their family, or their property from assault, robbery, burglary, rape, arson, or other violent acts.

Justifiable Homicide

• Homicide is considered justifiable when committed in defense against a felony or to prevent great personal injury to oneself or another.
• It is also justifiable when resisting a felony within a dwelling or other occupied place.

Use of Force

• Force may be used to prevent or stop unlawful acts, such as assault or malicious trespass, as long as it is not excessive.
• A person may also reasonably detain someone unlawfully entering private property to determine their purpose, provided the detention is brief and reasonable.

Self-Defense Principle

• While Washington does not have a formal Castle Doctrine, the state supreme court has ruled that there is no duty to retreat when a person is lawfully present and being assaulted.

Relevant Statutes: Wash. Rev. Code §§ 9A.16.020, 9A.16.050, 9A.16.110

West Virginia

West Virginia Gun Laws Summary

West Virginia is one of the most gun-friendly states in the country, with broad protections for firearm owners and permitless carry laws in place. Residents enjoy strong self-defense rights under the state’s Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws.

• West Virginia is a shall-issue state, with Concealed Handgun Licenses (CHLs) issued by county sheriffs.
• No permit, background check, waiting period, or registration is required to purchase a handgun from a private individual.
• The state allows permitless carry for both open and concealed carry.
• Open carry is legal without a license for anyone 18 years or older who can legally own a firearm.
• To concealed carry without a license, a person must be a U.S. citizen or legal resident, at least 21 years old, and legally permitted to possess a firearm.
• Those aged 18–20 may carry concealed only with a Provisional CHL.
• CHLs are issued to residents, military personnel stationed in the state, and since July 6, 2021, also to non-residents.
• Applicants must complete a firearms training course covering handgun handling and firing.
• Reciprocity: West Virginia honors all out-of-state concealed carry permits.
• Some areas remain off-limits, including schools and courthouses.

Use of Force Outside the Home

• A person who is not engaged in illegal activity and is in a place they legally have the right to be may use reasonable and proportionate force, including deadly force, if they reasonably believe it’s necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm.
• The justified use of force offers full civil immunity from lawsuits filed by the attacker.

Use of Force Within the Home

• A lawful occupant may use reasonable and proportionate force, including deadly force, to stop or prevent forcible entry or to defend against an intruder they reasonably believe may cause serious harm or commit a felony.
• There is no duty to retreat from an intruder in one’s home.

Self-Defense Law

• West Virginia is a Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground state.
• There is no duty to retreat anywhere a person is legally allowed to be if they reasonably believe deadly force is necessary to protect themselves or another from imminent danger of death or serious injury.

Relevant Statute: W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-7-7

Wisconsin

Wisconsin Gun Laws Summary

Wisconsin has straightforward gun laws that support lawful firearm ownership while maintaining clear rules for carrying and self-defense.

• Wisconsin is a shall-issue state, and Concealed Weapons Licenses (CWLs) are issued by the Department of Justice (DOJ).
• No permit, background check, or firearm registration is required when buying a handgun from a private seller.
• Open carry is legal for anyone 18 or older who is not prohibited from owning a firearm under state or federal law.
• Concealed carry is legal for residents with a CWL and for non-residents with a valid permit from a state that Wisconsin honors.
• CWLs are available to residents and military personnel stationed in Wisconsin.
• Applicants must be 21 or older, complete a firearms training course, and meet all state eligibility requirements.
• Reciprocity: Wisconsin honors permits from states that have reciprocity agreements or that perform background checks comparable to Wisconsin’s.

Self-Defense and Defense of Others

• A person may use reasonable force if they believe it is necessary to prevent or stop unlawful interference.
• Deadly force may only be used if the person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm.
• The same right applies to defending another person, provided the defender reasonably believes the other person would be justified in using self-defense.
• There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force in lawful defense if:
  • The attacker is unlawfully and forcibly entering the person’s home, vehicle, or business; or
  • The attacker has already entered and the person reasonably believes deadly force is needed to stop them.

Defense of Property

• A person may use reasonable force to prevent or stop unlawful interference with property.
• Deadly force cannot be used solely to defend property.
• A person may also protect another’s property under similar conditions if the property belongs to a family member, household member, employer, or merchant for whom the person works.

Self-Defense Law

• Wisconsin is a Castle Doctrine state.
• There is no duty to retreat in one’s home, vehicle, or place of business.
• The law presumes that a person who uses deadly force against an unlawful intruder acted reasonably if the intruder was forcibly entering or had already entered.

Relevant Statutes: Wis. Stat. §§ 939.48 & 939.49

Wyoming

Wyoming Gun Laws Summary

Wyoming is one of the most firearm-friendly states in the U.S., supporting both open and concealed carry without a permit. The state’s laws protect gun owners’ rights while emphasizing personal responsibility and lawful possession.

• Wyoming is a shall-issue state, with Concealed Firearms Permits (CFPs) issued by the Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation (DCI) after local processing by the county sheriff’s office.
• No permit, background check, waiting period, or registration is required when purchasing a firearm from a private individual.
• Background checks are required when purchasing from a Federal Firearms Dealer, but holders of a Wyoming CFP are exempt from the federal background check requirement.
• Open carry is legal without a permit for anyone 18 or older who can legally own a firearm.
• As of July 1, 2021, permitless concealed carry is legal for U.S. citizens and legal residents 21 or older who are legally allowed to possess a firearm.
• The minimum age to buy or possess a handgun is 21, and 18 for rifles or shotguns.
• Some areas are off-limits, including schools and businesses primarily selling or serving alcohol.
• To obtain a CFP, applicants must complete a state-approved firearms training course or show proof of military service or organized shooting experience.
• Wyoming does not issue non-resident permits.
• Reciprocity: Wyoming honors permits from states that recognize Wyoming permits in return.

Criminal Immunity

• Anyone who uses legal, reasonable defensive force cannot be criminally prosecuted for that use of force.
  • [Wyo. Stat. § 6-8-104(g)]

Self-Defense Law

• Wyoming follows both Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground principles.
• There is no duty to retreat at home or in any place where a person is legally present.
• The use of defensive force, including deadly force, is considered reasonable when a person believes it is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious injury.
• A person is presumed to have a reasonable fear of death or serious harm when:
  • The attacker is unlawfully and forcibly entering (or attempting to enter) their home or habitation; or
  • The attacker is removing or attempting to remove someone against their will from the home.
• Anyone who forcibly enters another’s home is presumed to be committing a violent or unlawful act.

Relevant Statutes: Wyo. Stat. § 6-8-104(g)

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